One step at a time in investigating relationships between self-directed behaviours and parasitological, social and environmental variables

We thank Norscia and Palagi for their insightful commentary on our article ‘Scratch that itch: revisiting links between selfdirected behaviour and parasitological, social and environmental factors in a free-ranging primate’ [1]. We welcome such discussion because we think, as the authors themselves point out at the end of their commentary, that research needs to continue in this area. In general, we agree that different stressors may act at different time frames in triggering self-directed behaviours. As rightly pointed out by Norscia and Palagi, our analysis did not take into account the different time frames that would allow for separating the effects of acute and chronic stressors on self-directed behaviours. At the level of a behavioural observation of 15 min, we instead investigated whether the occurrence of scratching and selfgrooming was linked to various factors such as lice load, social activities, neighbours in proximity and environmental conditions, together and/or separately. Our study was correlational and we, therefore, avoided claims of causality, although we did address potential causal mechanisms in the discussion. That said, we would nonetheless like to respond to several points made by Norscia and Palagi. First, one of the main points of our study was to highlight biases in the investigation of certain research hypotheses, such as those involving selfdirected behaviours. Studies in primatology have often, if perhaps inadvertently, assumed that the primary drivers of self-directed behaviour (SDB) are social, with parasite or abiotic factors being